Ect therapy how many treatments




















From to , ECT was administered over 22, times to more than 2, patients. The number of ECT procedures administered increased 11 percent over four years. The average number of ECT treatments per patient also rose, from 9.

He adapted electric shock techniques used to stun animals to create ECT. It will kill me! In , he introduced the electroshock procedure to France, Holland and England, and later helped pioneer it in the United States. One study conducted in the s found that 20 percent of patients administered electroshock suffered compression fractures of the vertebrae. Both the book and the film have been credited with irreparably tarnishing the image of ECT, with the public viewing it as dangerous and inhumane, which helped quicken its departure from mainstream mental health care at that time.

These devices are known as preamendments devices as they were marketed prior to the legal amendments that gave the FDA the authority to regulate devices. This is called a Premarket Approval application PMA and consists of scientific and regulatory documentation—including clinical trials—that demonstrate the safety and effectiveness of the device. On September 5, the FDA issued another proposed rule indicating its intent to reclassify the ECT device to Class II for severe depression but to remain as Class III for all other indications—although it had no clinical trials to substantiate this decision.

The purpose was so the FDA could determine whether to reclassify the device or require premarket approval applications. In April, the FDA once again issued an order requiring ECT device manufacturers submit any information known to them about the device, including adverse safety or effectiveness information, this time setting a deadline of August In September, the FDA opened a public docket for information and comments on the reclassification of ECT devices, requesting all comments by January 9, Additionally, there were 92 group submissions, representing 6, individuals against reclassification and only individuals in favor of reclassification.

The majority of respondents identified an adverse event they felt was associated with ECT including memory adverse events, cognitive complaints, brain damage and death. The panel did not reach a consensus on classification of ECT for catatonia or depression.

So different sets of treatments or …? Yeah yeah. But for me I think it was lifesaving and I became well again very, very quickly and within a couple of weeks of being in hospital I had got myself a Sunday job and I was back functioning normally. You know, when I had a few days in hospital of feeling really well and then I was discharged and I continued to feel well after that. Tania had been very ill and in and out of hospital and it took a while to come to terms with her depression.

And I had been, you know, over a year of being in and out of hospital and very dangerously ill. And I gave the ECT a try and I had seven or eight, I had eight treatments ultimately, but I think after the seventh one I just woke up and the whole thing had lifted and it was quite incredible.

And after that, I mean, it took some time, it took some time to make a full recovery, because, you know, after the experiences of the previous year and I was, I was really in pieces and I, you know, took a while, over the course of the next few months I needed to get my sleep sorted out and I just needed to come to terms with the anxiety that whole, the whole episode had produced for me.

And I had some cognitive behaviour which really helped me, like, get sort of relaxed and face kind of getting back to life again and just kind of get over what happened. It was not a change in her mood but in her energy level, returning to her talkative active self. It really, really picked up. She was much more talkative, you know, she was doing. Because that was what she had been like ordinarily, kind of get involved in everything. But the really odd thing was that her, it was like her energy had recovered ahead of her actual mood and her actual thinking.

It was like, she was kind of cheerful, but she would be cheerfully saying really kind of dark things you know, so it was, it was like her thinking was the last thing to recover, but it felt. It felt really encouraging, it felt really positive and it felt really kind of exciting.

That this… this thing was going to work. Especially because everybody had been talking about it as the kind of last option. For Kathleen ECT had a more gradual effect. She found that she began to not have so many suicidal thoughts and that they were less intrusive. What was the effect? I remember some of the things that I did on the ward, like sort of the occupational therapy type things.

It certainly must have been a lower dose and although you come round very quickly from it. Sometimes I would sleep afterwards for a while, sometimes I would be wide awake and just be able to carry on. Other times I was totally disorientated and not, not know where I am or where my room is or whatever for a while. And I was able to do other things like these other activities that we did on the ward. Steve thinks that although ECT does work, she now seems to need more treatments before she responds.

Impact of maintenance ECT on concentration and memory. Long-term follow-up in depressed patients treated with electroconvulsive therapy. Propofol reduces cognitive impairment after electroconvulsive therapy. The relationship between changes in learning and memory after right unilateral electroconvulsive therapy.

The influence of cognitive reserve on memory following electroconvulsive therapy. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci ; Pattern of cognitive dysfunction in depressive patients during maintenance electroconvulsive therapy. Psychol Med ; Cognitive status of psychiatric patients under maintenance electroconvulsive therapy: a one-year longitudinal study.

Abrams R. Does brief-pulse ECT cause persistent or permanent memory impairment? Andre L. Memory loss: from polarization to reconciliation. Donahue AB. Electroconvulsive therapy and memory loss: a personal journey.

The subjective experience of patients who received electroconvulsive therapy. Subjective memory complaints: a review of patient self-assessment of memory after electroconvulsive therapy. Reisner AD. The electroconvulsive therapy controversy: evidence and ethics. Neuropsychol Rev ; Sackeim HA. Memory and ECT: from polarization to reconciliation. Patients' perspectives on electroconvulsive therapy: systematic review. BMJ ; Patient satisfaction after electroconvulsive therapy. Biol Psychiatry ; Cognitive disturbance in outpatient depressed younger adults: evidence of modest impairment.

Cognition in mania and depression. Borkowska A, Rybakowski JK. Neuropsychological frontal lobe tests indicate that bipolar depressed patients are more impaired than unipolar. Bipolar Disord ; Neurocognitive impairment in euthymic young adults with bipolar spectrum disorder and recurrent major depressive disorder.

Verbal memory deficits associated with major affective disorders: a comparison of unipolar and bipolar patients. J Affect Disord ; Halstead-Reitan Category Test in bipolar and unipolar affective disorders. Relationship to age and phase of illness. J Nerv Ment Dis ; Kessing LV. Cognitive impairment in the euthymic phase of affective disorder. New York: Biometrics Research; A rating scale for mania: reliability, validity and sensitivity.

Br J Psychiatry ; Hamilton M. A rating scale for depression. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry ; Nelson H. National Adult Reading Test Manual. Evaluation of a self-report version. Acta Psychiatr Scand ; Br J Clin Psychol ; Recollection memory deficits in patients with major depressive disorder predicted by past depressions but not current mood state or treatment status.

Integrating clinical assessment with cognitive neuroscience: construct validation of the California Verbal Learning Test. J Consult Clin Psychol ; Cognition in bipolar disorder. Psychiatr Clin North Am ; Norms for depressed patients for the California verbal learning test: associations with depression severity and self-report of cognitive difficulties.

Arch Clin Neuropsychol ; Jacoby LL. Invariance in automatic influences of memory: toward a user's guide for the process-dissociation procedure.

Dissociating automatic and consciously controlled processes: implications for diagnosis and rehabilitation of memory deficits.

In: Herman DJ, editor. Basic and Applied Memory Research. Effects of level of processing on implicit and explicit memory in depressed mood. Motivation and Emotion ; Course of illness, hippocampal function, and hippocampal volume in major depression. Schneider W. Behav Res Meth Instr Comp ; Construct validity of the Continuous Visual Memory Test. Larrabee GJ, Curtiss G. Construct validity of various verbal and visual memory tests. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol ; Distinctive neurocognitive effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation and electroconvulsive therapy in major depression.

Evolution of cognitive impairment in bipolar disorder: a systematic review of cross-sectional evidence. Sources of declarative memory impairment in bipolar disorder: mnemonic processes and clinical features.

J Psychiatr Res ; A meta-analysis of cognitive deficits in euthymic patients with bipolar disorder. Verbal memory in mania: effects of clinical state and task requirements. Neuropsychological dysfunction in bipolar affective disorder: a critical opinion.

Characteristics of non-verbal memory impairment in bipolar disorder: the role of encoding strategies. Neurocognitive function in clinically stable men with bipolar I disorder or schizophrenia and normal control subjects. Reduction of cingulate gray matter density in poor outcome bipolar illness.

Psychiatry Res ; Jones BP. Neuropsychological profiles in bipolar affective disorder and complex partial seizure disorder. Neuropsychology ; Cognitive impairment in euthymic bipolar patients with and without prior alcohol dependence.

A preliminary study. Arch Gen Psychiatry ; Cognitive impairment in remission in bipolar affective disorder. Cognitive impairment in euthymic bipolar patients: implications for clinical and functional outcome. Cognitive function across manic or hypomanic, depressed, and euthymic states in bipolar disorder. Relationship between prior course of illness and neuropsychological functioning in patients with bipolar disorder.

Sustained attention deficit in bipolar disorder. Case-control study of neurocognitive function in euthymic patients with bipolar disorder: an association with mania.

Therapeutic and prophylactic utility of the memory-enhancing drug donepezil hydrochloride on cognition of patients undergoing electroconvulsive therapy: a randomized controlled trial.

Randomized controlled trial of the cognitive side-effects of magnetic seizure therapy MST and electroconvulsive shock ECS. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol ; S and impact of ECT on depression and cognition.



0コメント

  • 1000 / 1000